Executive.cpp

Go to the documentation of this file.

/*
    This file is part of cpp-ethereum.
    cpp-ethereum is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
    (at your option) any later version.
    cpp-ethereum is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
    GNU General Public License for more details.
    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
    along with cpp-ethereum.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/
 
#include "Executive.h"
 
#include "Block.h"
#include "BlockChain.h"
#include "ExtVM.h"
#include "Interface.h"
#include "State.h"
 
#include <libdevcore/CommonIO.h>
#include <libethcore/CommonJS.h>
#include <libevm/LegacyVM.h>
#include <libevm/VMFactory.h>
 
#include <json/json.h>
#include <boost/timer.hpp>
 
#include <numeric>
 
using namespace std;
using namespace dev;
using namespace dev::eth;
 
namespace
{
std::string dumpStackAndMemory(LegacyVM const& _vm)
{
    ostringstream o;
    o << "\n    STACK\n";
    for (auto i : _vm.stack())
        o << (h256)i << "\n";
    o << "    MEMORY\n"
      << ((_vm.memory().size() > 1000) ? " mem size greater than 1000 bytes " :
                                         memDump(_vm.memory()));
    return o.str();
};
 
std::string dumpStorage(ExtVM const& _ext)
{
    ostringstream o;
    o << "    STORAGE\n";
    for (auto const& i : _ext.state().storage(_ext.myAddress))
        o << showbase << hex << i.second.first << ": " << i.second.second << "\n";
    return o.str();
};
 
 
}  // namespace
 
StandardTrace::StandardTrace():
    m_trace(Json::arrayValue)
{}
 
bool changesMemory(Instruction _inst)
{
    return
        _inst == Instruction::MSTORE ||
        _inst == Instruction::MSTORE8 ||
        _inst == Instruction::MLOAD ||
        _inst == Instruction::CREATE ||
        _inst == Instruction::CALL ||
        _inst == Instruction::CALLCODE ||
        _inst == Instruction::SHA3 ||
        _inst == Instruction::CALLDATACOPY ||
        _inst == Instruction::CODECOPY ||
        _inst == Instruction::EXTCODECOPY ||
        _inst == Instruction::DELEGATECALL;
}
 
bool changesStorage(Instruction _inst)
{
    return _inst == Instruction::SSTORE;
}
 
void StandardTrace::operator()(uint64_t _steps, uint64_t PC, Instruction inst, bigint newMemSize,
    bigint gasCost, bigint gas, VMFace const* _vm, ExtVMFace const* voidExt)
{
    (void)_steps;
 
    ExtVM const& ext = dynamic_cast<ExtVM const&>(*voidExt);
    auto vm = dynamic_cast<LegacyVM const*>(_vm);
 
    Json::Value r(Json::objectValue);
 
    Json::Value stack(Json::arrayValue);
    if (vm && !m_options.disableStack)
    {
        // Try extracting information about the stack from the VM is supported.
        for (auto const& i : vm->stack())
            stack.append(toCompactHexPrefixed(i, 1));
        r["stack"] = stack;
    }
 
    bool newContext = false;
    Instruction lastInst = Instruction::STOP;
 
    if (m_lastInst.size() == ext.depth)
    {
        // starting a new context
        assert(m_lastInst.size() == ext.depth);
        m_lastInst.push_back(inst);
        newContext = true;
    }
    else if (m_lastInst.size() == ext.depth + 2)
    {
        m_lastInst.pop_back();
        lastInst = m_lastInst.back();
    }
    else if (m_lastInst.size() == ext.depth + 1)
    {
        // continuing in previous context
        lastInst = m_lastInst.back();
        m_lastInst.back() = inst;
    }
    else
    {
        cwarn << "GAA!!! Tracing VM and more than one new/deleted stack frame between steps!";
        cwarn << "Attmepting naive recovery...";
        m_lastInst.resize(ext.depth + 1);
    }
 
    Json::Value memJson(Json::arrayValue);
    if (vm && !m_options.disableMemory && (changesMemory(lastInst) || newContext))
    {
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < vm->memory().size(); i += 32)
        {
            bytesConstRef memRef(vm->memory().data() + i, 32);
            memJson.append(toHex(memRef));
        }
        r["memory"] = memJson;
    }
 
    if (!m_options.disableStorage && (m_options.fullStorage || changesStorage(lastInst) || newContext))
    {
        Json::Value storage(Json::objectValue);
        for (auto const& i: ext.state().storage(ext.myAddress))
            storage[toCompactHexPrefixed(i.second.first, 1)] = toCompactHexPrefixed(i.second.second, 1);
        r["storage"] = storage;
    }
 
    if (m_showMnemonics)
        r["op"] = instructionInfo(inst).name;
    r["pc"] = toString(PC);
    r["gas"] = toString(gas);
    r["gasCost"] = toString(gasCost);
    r["depth"] = toString(ext.depth);
    if (!!newMemSize)
        r["memexpand"] = toString(newMemSize);
 
    m_trace.append(r);
}
 
std::string StandardTrace::styledJson() const
{
    return Json::StyledWriter().write(m_trace);
}
 
string StandardTrace::multilineTrace() const
{
    if (m_trace.empty())
        return {};
 
    // Each opcode trace on a separate line
    return std::accumulate(std::next(m_trace.begin()), m_trace.end(),
        Json::FastWriter().write(m_trace[0]),
        [](std::string a, Json::Value b) { return a + Json::FastWriter().write(b); });
}
 
Executive::Executive(Block& _s, BlockChain const& _bc, unsigned _level):
    m_s(_s.mutableState()),
    m_envInfo(_s.info(), _bc.lastBlockHashes(), 0),
    m_depth(_level),
    m_sealEngine(*_bc.sealEngine())
{
}
 
Executive::Executive(Block& _s, LastBlockHashesFace const& _lh, unsigned _level):
    m_s(_s.mutableState()),
    m_envInfo(_s.info(), _lh, 0),
    m_depth(_level),
    m_sealEngine(*_s.sealEngine())
{
}
 
Executive::Executive(State& io_s, Block const& _block, unsigned _txIndex, BlockChain const& _bc, unsigned _level):
    m_s(createIntermediateState(io_s, _block, _txIndex, _bc)),
    m_envInfo(_block.info(), _bc.lastBlockHashes(), _txIndex ? _block.receipt(_txIndex - 1).cumulativeGasUsed() : 0),
    m_depth(_level),
    m_sealEngine(*_bc.sealEngine())
{
}
 
u256 Executive::gasUsed() const
{
    return m_t.gas() - m_gas;
}
 
void Executive::accrueSubState(SubState& _parentContext)
{
    if (m_ext)
        _parentContext += m_ext->sub;
}
 
void Executive::initialize(Transaction const& _transaction)
{
    m_t = _transaction;
    m_baseGasRequired = m_t.baseGasRequired(m_sealEngine.evmSchedule(m_envInfo.number()));
    try
    {
        m_sealEngine.verifyTransaction(ImportRequirements::Everything, m_t, m_envInfo.header(), m_envInfo.gasUsed());
    }
    catch (Exception const& ex)
    {
        m_excepted = toTransactionException(ex);
        throw;
    }
 
    if (!m_t.hasZeroSignature())
    {
        // Avoid invalid transactions.
        u256 nonceReq;
        try
        {
            nonceReq = m_s.getNonce(m_t.sender());
        }
        catch (InvalidSignature const&)
        {
            LOG(m_execLogger) << "Invalid Signature";
            m_excepted = TransactionException::InvalidSignature;
            throw;
        }
        if (m_t.nonce() != nonceReq)
        {
            LOG(m_execLogger) << "Sender: " << m_t.sender().hex() << " Invalid Nonce: Require "
                              << nonceReq << " Got " << m_t.nonce();
            m_excepted = TransactionException::InvalidNonce;
            BOOST_THROW_EXCEPTION(InvalidNonce() << RequirementError((bigint)nonceReq, (bigint)m_t.nonce()));
        }
 
        // Avoid unaffordable transactions.
        bigint gasCost = (bigint)m_t.gas() * m_t.gasPrice();
        bigint totalCost = m_t.value() + gasCost;
        if (m_s.balance(m_t.sender()) < totalCost)
        {
            LOG(m_execLogger) << "Not enough cash: Require > " << totalCost << " = " << m_t.gas()
                              << " * " << m_t.gasPrice() << " + " << m_t.value() << " Got"
                              << m_s.balance(m_t.sender()) << " for sender: " << m_t.sender();
            m_excepted = TransactionException::NotEnoughCash;
            m_excepted = TransactionException::NotEnoughCash;
            BOOST_THROW_EXCEPTION(NotEnoughCash() << RequirementError(totalCost, (bigint)m_s.balance(m_t.sender())) << errinfo_comment(m_t.sender().hex()));
        }
        m_gasCost = (u256)gasCost;  // Convert back to 256-bit, safe now.
    }
}
 
bool Executive::execute()
{
    // Entry point for a user-executed transaction.
 
    // Pay...
    LOG(m_detailsLogger) << "Paying " << formatBalance(m_gasCost) << " from sender for gas ("
                         << m_t.gas() << " gas at " << formatBalance(m_t.gasPrice()) << ")";
    m_s.subBalance(m_t.sender(), m_gasCost);
 
    assert(m_t.gas() >= (u256)m_baseGasRequired);
    if (m_t.isCreation())
        return create(m_t.sender(), m_t.value(), m_t.gasPrice(), m_t.gas() - (u256)m_baseGasRequired, &m_t.data(), m_t.sender());
    else
        return call(m_t.receiveAddress(), m_t.sender(), m_t.value(), m_t.gasPrice(), bytesConstRef(&m_t.data()), m_t.gas() - (u256)m_baseGasRequired);
}
 
bool Executive::call(Address const& _receiveAddress, Address const& _senderAddress, u256 const& _value, u256 const& _gasPrice, bytesConstRef _data, u256 const& _gas)
{
    CallParameters params{_senderAddress, _receiveAddress, _receiveAddress, _value, _value, _gas, _data, {}};
    return call(params, _gasPrice, _senderAddress);
}
 
bool Executive::call(CallParameters const& _p, u256 const& _gasPrice, Address const& _origin)
{
    // If external transaction.
    if (m_t)
    {
        // FIXME: changelog contains unrevertable balance change that paid
        //        for the transaction.
        // Increment associated nonce for sender.
        if (_p.senderAddress != MaxAddress ||
            m_envInfo.number() < m_sealEngine.chainParams().experimentalForkBlock)  // EIP86
            m_s.incNonce(_p.senderAddress);
    }
 
    m_savepoint = m_s.savepoint();
 
    if (m_sealEngine.isPrecompiled(_p.codeAddress, m_envInfo.number()))
    {
        bigint g = m_sealEngine.costOfPrecompiled(_p.codeAddress, _p.data, m_envInfo.number());
        if (_p.gas < g)
        {
            m_excepted = TransactionException::OutOfGasBase;
            // Bail from exception.
 
            // Empty precompiled contracts need to be deleted even in case of OOG
            // because the bug in both Geth and Parity led to deleting RIPEMD precompiled in this case
            // see https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/3341/files#diff-2433aa143ee4772026454b8abd76b9dd
            // We mark the account as touched here, so that is can be removed among other touched empty accounts (after tx finalization)
            if (m_envInfo.number() >= m_sealEngine.chainParams().EIP158ForkBlock)
                m_s.addBalance(_p.codeAddress, 0);
 
            return true;    // true actually means "all finished - nothing more to be done regarding go().
        }
        else
        {
            m_gas = (u256)(_p.gas - g);
            bytes output;
            bool success;
            tie(success, output) = m_sealEngine.executePrecompiled(_p.codeAddress, _p.data, m_envInfo.number());
            size_t outputSize = output.size();
            m_output = owning_bytes_ref{std::move(output), 0, outputSize};
            if (!success)
            {
                m_gas = 0;
                m_excepted = TransactionException::OutOfGas;
                return true;    // true means no need to run go().
            }
        }
    }
    else
    {
        m_gas = _p.gas;
        if (m_s.addressHasCode(_p.codeAddress))
        {
            bytes const& c = m_s.code(_p.codeAddress);
            h256 codeHash = m_s.codeHash(_p.codeAddress);
            m_ext = make_shared<ExtVM>(m_s, m_envInfo, m_sealEngine, _p.receiveAddress,
                _p.senderAddress, _origin, _p.apparentValue, _gasPrice, _p.data, &c, codeHash,
                m_depth, false, _p.staticCall);
        }
    }
 
    // Transfer ether.
    m_s.transferBalance(_p.senderAddress, _p.receiveAddress, _p.valueTransfer);
    return !m_ext;
}
 
bool Executive::create(Address const& _txSender, u256 const& _endowment, u256 const& _gasPrice, u256 const& _gas, bytesConstRef _init, Address const& _origin)
{
    // Contract creation by an external account is the same as CREATE opcode
    return createOpcode(_txSender, _endowment, _gasPrice, _gas, _init, _origin);
}
 
bool Executive::createOpcode(Address const& _sender, u256 const& _endowment, u256 const& _gasPrice, u256 const& _gas, bytesConstRef _init, Address const& _origin)
{
    u256 nonce = m_s.getNonce(_sender);
    m_newAddress = right160(sha3(rlpList(_sender, nonce)));
    return executeCreate(_sender, _endowment, _gasPrice, _gas, _init, _origin);
}
 
bool Executive::create2Opcode(Address const& _sender, u256 const& _endowment, u256 const& _gasPrice, u256 const& _gas, bytesConstRef _init, Address const& _origin, u256 const& _salt)
{
    m_newAddress = right160(sha3(bytes{0xff} +_sender.asBytes() + toBigEndian(_salt) + sha3(_init)));
    return executeCreate(_sender, _endowment, _gasPrice, _gas, _init, _origin);
}
 
bool Executive::executeCreate(Address const& _sender, u256 const& _endowment, u256 const& _gasPrice, u256 const& _gas, bytesConstRef _init, Address const& _origin)
{
    if (_sender != MaxAddress ||
        m_envInfo.number() < m_sealEngine.chainParams().experimentalForkBlock)  // EIP86
        m_s.incNonce(_sender);
 
    m_savepoint = m_s.savepoint();
 
    m_isCreation = true;
 
    // We can allow for the reverted state (i.e. that with which m_ext is constructed) to contain the m_orig.address, since
    // we delete it explicitly if we decide we need to revert.
 
    m_gas = _gas;
    bool accountAlreadyExist = (m_s.addressHasCode(m_newAddress) || m_s.getNonce(m_newAddress) > 0);
    if (accountAlreadyExist)
    {
        LOG(m_detailsLogger) << "Address already used: " << m_newAddress;
        m_gas = 0;
        m_excepted = TransactionException::AddressAlreadyUsed;
        revert();
        m_ext = {}; // cancel the _init execution if there are any scheduled.
        return !m_ext;
    }
 
    // Transfer ether before deploying the code. This will also create new
    // account if it does not exist yet.
    m_s.transferBalance(_sender, m_newAddress, _endowment);
 
    u256 newNonce = m_s.requireAccountStartNonce();
    if (m_envInfo.number() >= m_sealEngine.chainParams().EIP158ForkBlock)
        newNonce += 1;
    m_s.setNonce(m_newAddress, newNonce);
 
    m_s.clearStorage(m_newAddress);
 
    // Schedule _init execution if not empty.
    if (!_init.empty())
        m_ext = make_shared<ExtVM>(m_s, m_envInfo, m_sealEngine, m_newAddress, _sender, _origin,
            _endowment, _gasPrice, bytesConstRef(), _init, sha3(_init), m_depth, true, false);
 
    return !m_ext;
}
 
OnOpFunc Executive::simpleTrace()
{
    Logger& traceLogger = m_vmTraceLogger;
 
    return [&traceLogger](uint64_t steps, uint64_t PC, Instruction inst, bigint newMemSize,
               bigint gasCost, bigint gas, VMFace const* _vm, ExtVMFace const* voidExt) {
        ExtVM const& ext = *static_cast<ExtVM const*>(voidExt);
        auto vm = dynamic_cast<LegacyVM const*>(_vm);
 
        ostringstream o;
        if (vm)
            LOG(traceLogger) << dumpStackAndMemory(*vm);
        LOG(traceLogger) << dumpStorage(ext);
        LOG(traceLogger) << " < " << dec << ext.depth << " : " << ext.myAddress << " : #" << steps
                         << " : " << hex << setw(4) << setfill('0') << PC << " : "
                         << instructionInfo(inst).name << " : " << dec << gas << " : -" << dec
                         << gasCost << " : " << newMemSize << "x32"
                         << " >";
    };
}
 
bool Executive::go(OnOpFunc const& _onOp)
{
    if (m_ext)
    {
#if ETH_TIMED_EXECUTIONS
        Timer t;
#endif
        try
        {
            // Create VM instance. Force Interpreter if tracing requested.
            auto vm = VMFactory::create();
            if (m_isCreation)
            {
                auto out = vm->exec(m_gas, *m_ext, _onOp);
                if (m_res)
                {
                    m_res->gasForDeposit = m_gas;
                    m_res->depositSize = out.size();
                }
                if (out.size() > m_ext->evmSchedule().maxCodeSize)
                    BOOST_THROW_EXCEPTION(OutOfGas());
                else if (out.size() * m_ext->evmSchedule().createDataGas <= m_gas)
                {
                    if (m_res)
                        m_res->codeDeposit = CodeDeposit::Success;
                    m_gas -= out.size() * m_ext->evmSchedule().createDataGas;
                }
                else
                {
                    if (m_ext->evmSchedule().exceptionalFailedCodeDeposit)
                        BOOST_THROW_EXCEPTION(OutOfGas());
                    else
                    {
                        if (m_res)
                            m_res->codeDeposit = CodeDeposit::Failed;
                        out = {};
                    }
                }
                if (m_res)
                    m_res->output = out.toVector(); // copy output to execution result
                m_s.setCode(m_ext->myAddress, out.toVector());
            }
            else
                m_output = vm->exec(m_gas, *m_ext, _onOp);
        }
        catch (RevertInstruction& _e)
        {
            revert();
            m_output = _e.output();
            m_excepted = TransactionException::RevertInstruction;
        }
        catch (VMException const& _e)
        {
            LOG(m_detailsLogger) << "Safe VM Exception. " << diagnostic_information(_e);
            m_gas = 0;
            m_excepted = toTransactionException(_e);
            revert();
        }
        catch (InternalVMError const& _e)
        {
            cerror << "Internal VM Error (EVMC status code: "
                 << *boost::get_error_info<errinfo_evmcStatusCode>(_e) << ")";
            revert();
            throw;
        }
        catch (Exception const& _e)
        {
            // TODO: AUDIT: check that this can never reasonably happen. Consider what to do if it does.
            cerror << "Unexpected exception in VM. There may be a bug in this implementation. "
                 << diagnostic_information(_e);
            exit(1);
            // Another solution would be to reject this transaction, but that also
            // has drawbacks. Essentially, the amount of ram has to be increased here.
        }
        catch (std::exception const& _e)
        {
            // TODO: AUDIT: check that this can never reasonably happen. Consider what to do if it does.
            cerror << "Unexpected std::exception in VM. Not enough RAM? " << _e.what();
            exit(1);
            // Another solution would be to reject this transaction, but that also
            // has drawbacks. Essentially, the amount of ram has to be increased here.
        }
 
        if (m_res && m_output)
            // Copy full output:
            m_res->output = m_output.toVector();
 
#if ETH_TIMED_EXECUTIONS
        cnote << "VM took:" << t.elapsed() << "; gas used: " << (sgas - m_endGas);
#endif
    }
    return true;
}
 
bool Executive::finalize()
{
    if (m_ext)
    {
        // Accumulate refunds for suicides.
        m_ext->sub.refunds += m_ext->evmSchedule().suicideRefundGas * m_ext->sub.suicides.size();
 
        // Refunds must be applied before the miner gets the fees.
        assert(m_ext->sub.refunds >= 0);
        int64_t maxRefund = (static_cast<int64_t>(m_t.gas()) - static_cast<int64_t>(m_gas)) / 2;
        m_gas += min(maxRefund, m_ext->sub.refunds);
    }
 
    if (m_t)
    {
        m_s.addBalance(m_t.sender(), m_gas * m_t.gasPrice());
 
        u256 feesEarned = (m_t.gas() - m_gas) * m_t.gasPrice();
        m_s.addBalance(m_envInfo.author(), feesEarned);
    }
 
    // Suicides...
    if (m_ext)
        for (auto a: m_ext->sub.suicides)
            m_s.kill(a);
 
    // Logs..
    if (m_ext)
        m_logs = m_ext->sub.logs;
 
    if (m_res) // Collect results
    {
        m_res->gasUsed = gasUsed();
        m_res->excepted = m_excepted; // TODO: m_except is used only in ExtVM::call
        m_res->newAddress = m_newAddress;
        m_res->gasRefunded = m_ext ? m_ext->sub.refunds : 0;
    }
    return (m_excepted == TransactionException::None);
}
 
void Executive::revert()
{
    if (m_ext)
        m_ext->sub.clear();
 
    // Set result address to the null one.
    m_newAddress = {};
    m_s.rollback(m_savepoint);
}